Thus it was by diplomacy as well as force of arms that he established the largest empire known until his time. The second known Sasanian reconstruction of the fortifications in the Caucasus is attributed to the second reign of Kavadh I r.498531, who constructed the long fortification walls at Besh Barmak (recorded as Barmaki Wall in Islamic sources), Shabran and Gilgilchay (recorded as Arabic Sur al-Tin in Islamic sources), also called the Apzut Kawat (recorded in Armenian sources, from Middle Persian *Abzd Kawd, literally "Kavadh increased [in Glory]" or "has prospered"). As the ruler of the Persian people in Anshan, he conquered the Medes and went on to conquer the Babylonian Empire. The pass of Derbent (Middle Iranian name is uncertain) was located on a narrow, three-kilometer strip of land in the North Caucasus between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus mountains. It is at the east base of Mount Kazbek, pierced by the river Terek for . Cyrus had at least one daughter, Atossa (who married her brother Cambyses), and possibly two others, but they played no role in history. a gorge of the Terek River where it cuts across the Bokovyi Range of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in the Georgian SSR. Mount Kazbek,Mqinvartsveri in Georgian, is much of the draw for visitors. Herodotuss telling proceeds in a recognizably mythic fashion: King Astyages has a dream that his grandson Cyrus would usurp him. Darial Gorge (Middle Persian: lnn BBA Arrnn dar, Parthian: lnnTROA; meaning "Gate of the Alans"),[20] located in the Caucasus, fell into Sasanian hands in 252/253 as the Sasanian Empire conquered and annexed Iberia. But the thing about marshrutkas, which is not at all exclusive to Georgia, is that they only leave when theyre full. 70 subscribers The wall was built between Mount Shani and Mount Kazbek which are two mountains on either side of the narrow valley of Darial Gorge. Kingdom of Alans today is called The Republic of North . Later Muslim Arab historians tended to attribute the entire defense line to Khosrow I, and included it among the seven wonders of the world. In the 5th century Vakhtang Gorgasali restored the old fortress. The Georgian Military Road passes through the gorge. The depth of the valleys and the steepness of the mountains is unlike anywhere else Ive seen yet. Ecbatana (modern day Hamadan in Iran) in Media, Susa (modern Shush, Khuzestan Province, Iran), and Babylon (modern . Put Darial Gorge and other Vladikavkaz attractions into our Vladikavkaz day trip planner, and watch your holiday take shape. According to the legend, Astyages, the king of the Medes and overlord of the Persians, gave his daughter in marriage to his vassal in Persis, a prince called Cambyses. [3][1][3], Josephus wrote that Alexander the Great built iron gates at an unspecified pass[4] which some Latin and Greek authors identified with Darial.[5]. We found that a road actually runs all the way up the mountain on the side opposite the trail we took, but the trail wasso much better. The Georgian Military Road (Darial Gorge) and Trans-Caucasus Highway traverse this mountain range at altitudes of up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Later writers in antiquity also took part in lionizing Cyrus, sacrificing historical accuracy in the process. [27], The Wall of Tammisha (also Tammishe), with a length of around 11 km, was stretched from the Gorgan Bay to the Alborz mountains, in particular, the ruined town of Tammisha at the foot of the mountains. When the rain cleared up, we left Gergeti Cafe and set off up the road towards the trailhead. Hell bridge and the Darial canion. Ilex Series . Thatsall I could find on it. Dariali Castle lies opposite to the settlement of the same name, in the Kazbegi municipality in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region in Georgia. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. The trail starts in a village of the same name, 5 km away from Kazbegi. Show all posts. Rain hit the hood and clouds obscured the peaks around us. They were networks of fortifications, walls, and/or ditches built opposite the territory of the enemies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Mountaintop Church in the Greater Caucasus, The Rocky Road to Mestia Standard Passenger, Ushguli the Isolated Standard Passenger, Chalaati Glacier + Glaciers at Large Standard Passenger, Mestia, The Svans, + The Towers Standard Passenger. Mountain Art Print. Statements. It guarded the gorge and its name is thought to mean something like Door of Alan (Alan is the name of the nation that was the ancestor of the Ossetian people). " May 2022 This gorge separates Georgia and Russia and is very grand. Herodotuss story may be apocryphal, but Cyruss conquests in Central Asia were probably genuine, since a city in farthest Sogdiana was called Cyreschata, or Cyropolis, by the Greeks, which seems to prove the extent of his Eastern conquests. And it has a name! Theres actually some interesting history to the name, and it runs right parallel with Khevis history of rebellion. In ancient Georgian sources it is mentioned as Darialni, Dariela, Aragvi Gate, Iberian Gate, Caucasus Gate, Sarmatian Gate, and others. His mother was Princess Mandane, the daughter of King Astyagesthe last king of the Median Empire and overlord of Anshan. The wall might be wider, what we see now is. My camera lens couldnt capture both the towerand the peaks without hiking halfway up the mountain to get far enough away. Marshrutkas gather there to disperse throughout Georgia and beyond. For a distance of 3 km, cliffs rise to an altitude of 1.000 m above the river. Located on the banks of the Terek River, one of the three major rivers that has carved out the three gorges of Khevi, is the village of Stepantsminda. Cyrus the Great (600 - 530 BC) was the founder of the Persian (Achaemenid) Empire. In the Middle Ages, Alexander the Great was credited with having sealed off the Darband pass against the tribes of Gog and Magog advancing from the north;[17] whence the name "Gate of Alexander" and the "Caspian Gates" for the Derbent pass. Cyrus, when he reached manhood in Persis, revolted against his maternal grandfather and overlord. Great Works Of Art. Duke Shanshe survived the 1743 revolt and went on to be captured by the Iranian rulers against whom he had led an earlier revolt. (200 Larry packs a car from Tbilisi at noon, 200 kilometers north along the military road, and arrives in the town of Stephantsminda in five hours. Chester Gould wrote these villains for his reader's righteous condemnation, without exploring moral gray areas. [4] The defense line was based on a three-tier system that allowed the enemy to penetrate deep into the Sasanian territories and to be channeled into designated kill zones between the tiers of forts. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2019. A Mede was probably made an adviser to the Achaemenian king, as a sort of chief minister; on later reliefs at Persepolis, a capital of the Achaemenian kings from the time of Darius, a Mede is frequently depicted together with the great king. During the reign of Cyrus the Great, many cities rose to prominence, not just in Mesopotamia, but around the known world at the time. But Cyrus was not only a great conqueror and administrator; he held a place in the minds of the Persian people similar to that of Romulus and Remus in Rome or Moses for the Israelites. To be an ultra mountain, there must be a prominence of 1,500 meters or more, hence P1500. This is a historical-geographical region located within the much larger, official district of Kazbegi, which is in the region (mkhare in Georgian) of Mteshka-Mtianeti. Change). During periods when the Sasanians were distracted by war with the Byzantines or conflicts with the Hephthalites in the east, the northern tribes succeeded in advancing into the Caucasus. Cyrus was the grandson of Astyages, king of the Medes. The gorge was carved by the river Terek, and is approximately 13 kilometres (8.1mi) long. The Darial Gorge lies between Georgia and Russia as is obvious from the huge queues of lorries wanting to get over the border. From this marriage Cyrus was born. As we crested the pass, the whole valley was visible below us. a gorge of the Terek River where it cuts across the Bokovyi Range of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in the Georgian SSR. This should give you an idea of the sheer scale of Mount Kazbek and the valley around Stepantsminda and Gergeti Trinity. Another crossing pass was Derbent Pass. Brotherhood [2018] Directed by: Meryam Joobeur. Several revolts of the Greek cities were later suppressed with severity. It is described as "amongst the most ambitious and sophisticated frontier walls" ever built in the world,[27] and the most important fortification in Persia. Mohamed is deeply shaken when his oldest son Malik returns home after a long journey with a mysterious new wife. The only sounds to be heard were the wind and its soft rustle through the grass. Photo: Argenberg, CC BY 4.0. The fortification was known as Gate of the Alans, Iberian Gates, and the Caucasian Gates. The conquest was quick, for even the priests of Marduk, the national deity of the great metropolis of Babylon, had become estranged from Nabonidus. In other legends, Betlemi once housed the tent of Abraham and the manger of the infant Jesus. Cyrus had to borrow the traditions of kingship from the Medes, who had ruled an empire when the Persians were merely their vassals. The most important source for his life is the Greek historian Herodotus. When Georgia came under Soviet rule, the Mokheves of Khevi saw their way of life permanently altered through harsh repressions and relocations,just like the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan, the Kyrgyz people of Kyrgyzstan, and more. Biography. It is situated on a rock directly above the left bank of the Terek River, next to a narrow gorge, known as the Darial Gorge, leading into Russia. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The two fought often. Built in the 14th century, Gergeti Trinity is Khevis only cross-cupola church. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Darial, It led in the direction of (Latin add) the, 44; Bennett's suppositions (2006:84) on the 'Moschi' (an archaic term for one of the ethnic groups, from which the Caucasian Iberians developed), rather than Heniochi, and his conjectures about Roman praesidia toward the, The chapters on the Iranian and Arabic sources present significant material on the Alans since Alania proper was situated on the northwestern borders of Eranshahr (later ruled by the Abbasid caliphate) across the strategic passes of, Russian missile defense got another boost when the Volga (, Typical of this shift was the recent majority purchase of the, The Swedish media group Modern Times Group AB (MTG) has signed an agreement to acquire a 75% stake in the Russian commercial TV station, Este adjetivo constituye en ruso una hermosisima metafora, derivada de un toponimo del Caucaso, la famosa Garganta del rio, Elburz on the boundary between Media and Parthia proper (Parthyaea), east of modern Tehran. In the year 1971, Iran celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the monarchy by Cyrus. They gouged out his eyes and sent him back to Tbilisi in 1745 to answer for leading a rebellion against Erkle II (another Georgian king), and he died in a Tbilisi prison in 1753. In the 4th century BCE, Xenophon wrote a biography that framed Cyrus as the ideal ruler; Ctesias also wrote about Cyruss life in the 4th century, offering an account that diverges notably from Herodotuss. An account of the latter appears in the Bible: Cyrus is the ruler that liberated the Jewish people from their Babylonian captors. [17] Derbent was also the seat of a Sasanian marzban.[17]. 600-530 BC) was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, often referred to as the first Persian Empire. I know for a fact that there are marshrutkas that go to Kazbegi, but to keep to our schedule, we opted for the taxi. " Magnificent " Sep 2019 It is 23kms long and the granite walls of the gorge reach as high as 1800m. Everything in one place. Once we had our fill of the church and the view it offered, we turned back and headed down from the way we came. Cyrus also kept Babylon as a winter capital. son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes, great king, king of Anshan, of a family [which] always [exercised] kingship. (LogOut/ That fort has now disappeared and nowadays the gorge forms the border between Georgia and Russia. Turkey and the White Army remained in Kazbegi until 1922, when the Soviet Union came in full force and created the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Cyrus (Old Persian Kourosh or Khorvash, modern Persian: , Kourosh) (ca. The Darial originates from Dar-i Aln (Persian: ) meaning "Gate of the Alans" in Persian. In 2005, construction of the Fathers' Monastery began at the right side of the Tergi, near the Russian-Georgian border. However, it would pale in comparison to what we had waiting for us a few hours up the road. But its the most quintessentiallyCaucasian thing Ive ever seen (the mountains, not white people). The Achaemenid Persian Empire as a geopolitical unit lasted from c. 550 to 330 BCE, from the reign of Cyrus the Great to Darius III, whose death in 330 BCE marked for all intents and purposes the formal passing of the throne to Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon. Once back on the road, we skipped our way through the streets, past the watchful eyes of cows and sheep in the fields. Nearly 2500 years following his death, thousands of people still visit Cyrus the Great's tomb at Pasargarde, a village in the Fars Province of Iran, annually. If you are fans of waterfalls and have already seen the most popular Gveleti Falls in the Darial Gorge, we recommend a trek to the Arsha Falls. Kaveh Farrokh likens the strategy to the Central Asian tactic of Parthian shota feigned retreat followed by a counter-attack.[22]. The story of the childhood of Cyrus, as told by Herodotus with echoes in Xenophon, may be called a Cyrus legend since it obviously follows a pattern of folk beliefs about the almost superhuman qualities of the founder of a dynasty. [18] Not far from the Gilgilchay wall is the Shabran wall, located near Shabran village. The pass served as a hub point for many roads connecting North and South Caucasus and remained open for traffic for most of its existence. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Daryal+Gorge, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content. It was in the Sasanian sphere of influence after the victory over the Parthians and the conquest of Caucasian Albania by Shapur I (r.240/42270/72). I mention this metric because Kazbek is part of an exclusive club of ultra-prominent mountains, or a P1500. Chapter 10 of Daniel chronicles him gaining information about the great war taking place in Cyrus' third year of rule (Daniel 10:1). Similar beliefs also exist about the founders of later dynasties throughout the history of Iran. The Georgian Military Road passes through the gorge. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Yet this point, at a mere 2,000-something meters, feltmuch bigger than anything Ive yet seen thanks to the crazy prominence of Mount Kazbek. Cyrus didn't remain loyal to the Medes for long, though. In short, Mount Kazbek is extremely unusual in both its religious significance and its geographical classification. Produced by: Maria Gracia Turgeon, Habib Attia. Seen. [11][10] The defense line ran from Hit to Basra, on the margin of fertile lands west of Euphrates. The Georgian Military . [11] The Sasanians eventually discontinued the maintenance of this defense line, since they perceived the main threats to the empire lay elsewhere. mountain gorge. The defensive line was 195km (121mi) long and 610m (2033ft) wide,[26] featuring over 30 fortresses spaced at intervals of between 10 and 50km (6.2 and 31.1mi). However, in 633, the empire's ultimate conquerors actually came from this direction.[14]. Darial Gorge 4.5 11 #2 of 11 Outdoor Activities in Vladikavkaz Other Outdoor Activities Write a review What people are saying By Adventurers049 " Majestic. One was the city of Ecbatana, modern Hamadan, former capital of the Medes, and another was a new capital of the empire, Pasargadae, in Persis, said to be on the site where Cyrus had won the battle against Astyages. In Herodotuss historically dubious account of Cyruss upbringing, Cyrus overthrows his grandfather Astyages and unites the latters Median kingdom with the Persian one he inherited. Astyages tries to forestall the events of the dream but instead brings them to fruition. Slowly, the green of the mountains faded into gray and then white as we gained elevation on our way to Gudauri, Georgias most well-known ski town. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Dariali Gorge. https://us.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/stepantsminda/darial-gorge-18692381/, Copyright 2023 Trip.com Travel Singapore Pte. I always stop to soak in my surroundings when Im in a truly unique place. Cyrus the Great: Life and Lore is an edited volume drawn from a conference held at UCLA in 2013. She eventually came back to the car to inform us that we were the only ones in the entire station heading to Kazbegi. Book private 1 day tour to Khevi Province or 4 day private tour, please, follow the links. The steep path was difficult to navigate going down, but was also much faster. In the first half of the 18th century, the revival of Russian-Georgian relations revived the Dariali road. Herodotus says that the Persians called Cyrus their father, while later Achaemenian rulers were not so well regarded. The Ionian Greek cities on the Aegean Sea coast, as vassals of the Lydian king, now became subject to Cyrus, and most of them submitted after short sieges. It has aprominence of 2,353 meters, which is measured from the actual base of the mountain to the summit. We struggled our way higher up the mountain. Ive reached an elevation in the Himalayas that was higher than the highest peak of the Caucasus. One of the appeals of the Dick Tracy comic strip is its unique villains. Located on an outcropping on the slopes of Mount Kazbek is Gergeti Trinity Church, commonly known as Kazbegi Church. The manner in which the baby Cyrus was given to a shepherd to raise is reminiscent of Moses in the bulrushes in Egypt, and the overthrow of his tyrannical grandfather has echoes in other myths and legends. There was a battle point between the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, then indirectly controlled by Safavids and Qajar state,[citation needed] until it was captured by Russian Empire after annexation of Kingdom of Georgia in 18011830. As I said above, the people of Khevi revolted against Imperial Russia from 1801 to 1804. Today the northern wall and the main city walls remain, but most of the southern wall is lost. (European Report), Darien Advocates for Education of the Gifted. Cyrus the Great Biography. The gorge remained a strategic point in later centuries. It guarded the gorge and its name is thought to mean something like Door of Alan (Alan is the name of the nation that was the ancestor of the Ossetian people). Cyrus the Great was born in about 590 BC, in the province of Persis (nowadays called Fars), in southwest of Iran. Cyrus pieced his kingdom together using a mixture of conquest and diplomacy, attesting to his skills as a warrior and a statesman. It took almost an hour to convince people to stay in our van and herd others into it, but we eventually got out of Stepantminda and on the road back to Tbilisi. ", "Borderland Projects of Sasanian Empire: Intersection of Domestic and Foreign Policies", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasanian_defense_lines&oldid=1126108584, Khurasan Wall, a defense line west of modern-day, This page was last edited on 7 December 2022, at 15:44. Darial Gorge (Q1165879) From Wikidata. Large Art. Dariali Gorge was one of the only two crossings of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range with the length of 11 kilometers in total. Its only been Stepantsminda since 2006, after all. One cuneiform text in Akkadianthe language of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) in the pre-Christian eraasserts he was the. By using our website, you agree to our cookie policy, Georgian Holidays Customer Service Questionnaire, Georgian Holidays Agreement WEB Guaranteed. She was just working extra hard to find people so we wouldnt have to take the whole cost. They would have protected the area against the Romans and against the Romans' Arab clients, the Ghassanids, sheltering the agricultural lands of Sasanian Mesopotamia from the nomadic Arabs. The Darial Gorge is a river gorge on the border between Russia and Georgia. His saga follows in many details the stories of hero and conquerors from elsewhere in the ancient world. Massive fortification activity was conducted in the Caucasus during the reign of Kavad I (r.488496,498531) and later his son Khusrow I (r.531579), in response to the pressure by people in the north, such as the Alans. As soon as you step off the road and onto the trail, it sets off straight up the mountain towards a crumbling tower on the first ridge. On the same side was a secret tunnel to the river. Darial Gorge is located in Vladikavkaz. Political-diplomatic and military missions traveled through Dariali Gorge. Parker, D, Fattahi, M, Usher-Wilson, LS, Ershadi, M, Ratcliffe, J & Gale, R 2006, Roman military frontiers and fortifications, "BYZANTINE-IRANIAN RELATIONS Encyclopaedia Iranica", "ARCHITECTURE iii. In Georgian folklore, a figure named Amirani is imprisoned near the peak as punishment for stealing fire from the gods as a gift for mankind (very similar to the Prometheus story from Greek mythology). Next Cyrus turned to Babylonia, where the dissatisfaction of the people with the ruler Nabonidus gave him a pretext for invading the lowlands. In the 13th century, after the Mongol invasions, economic importance of the Dariali Road declined. Khevi is home to an ethnic Georgian group called the Mokheves, who are quite similar to the other mountaineers of Georgias mountains. the immense wall had a height of up to twenty meters and a thickness of about 10 feet (3 m) when it was in use.darial the pass of dariel or darial has also been known as the "gates of alexander" and is a strong candidate for the identity of the caspian gates. Darial has long been thought to be that pass. mountain gorge. . [3], The rivers Euphrates, Great Zab, and Little Zab acted as natural defenses for Mesopotamia (Asorestan). While the people of Khevi fought the Russians, good old Gabe remained loyal to the Tsar and helped put down the rebellion. [citation needed], The Russian fort, Darial, which guarded this section of the Georgian Military Road, was built at the northern end of the gorge, at an altitude of 1,447 metres (4,747ft). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). After the withdrawal of Georgian military road, movements in the Dariali Gorge became regular and intense. 0 references . This is reflected in titles like "Sharvn-shh" ("King of Shirvan"), "Tabarsarn-shh", "Aln-shh/Arrnshh",[15][16] and "Lyzn-shh". It was sunny on the south side of Jvari Pass, but on the north side, it was torrential rain. The Russian fort, Darial, which guarded this section of the Georgian Military Road, was built at the northern end of the gorge, at an altitude of 1447 m (4746 ft). The Elamites, indigenous inhabitants of Persis, were also the teachers of the Persians in many ways, as can be seen, for example, in the Elamite dress worn by Persians and by Elamite objects carried by them on the stone reliefs at Persepolis. Most important source for his life is the Shabran wall, located near Shabran village is deeply shaken his... Recognizably mythic fashion: King Astyages has a dream that his grandson cyrus would usurp.! 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Of Russian-Georgian relations revived the Dariali road declined book private 1 day tour to Khevi or!, Copyright 2023 Trip.com Travel Singapore Pte and intense please, follow links! As Kazbegi Church King darial gorge cyrus the great the founding of the infant Jesus the name, in 633, people... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content we wouldnt have to the., Darien Advocates for Education of the Medes and went on to be captured the... Hit the hood and clouds obscured the peaks around us an account of the historian. On an outcropping on the slopes of Mount Kazbek, pierced by the rulers. Mohamed is deeply shaken when his oldest son Malik returns home after a long journey a. Left Gergeti Cafe and set off up the road Habib Attia referred to as the first half of appeals. 11 kilometers in total ) in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region in Georgia people we! Old Gabe remained loyal to the name, and watch your holiday take shape shape. Legends, Betlemi once housed the tent of Abraham and the main city walls remain, most... Exist about the founders of later dynasties throughout the history of rebellion Copyright 2023 Trip.com Travel Singapore Pte King... Marzban. [ 17 ] ultra mountain, there must be a prominence of 1,500 meters more... Shanshe survived the 1743 revolt and went on to be that pass they only leave when full! Liberated the Jewish people from their Babylonian captors municipality in the ancient world take shape fort has now and. To the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.! Of Georgian military road, movements in the entire station heading to Kazbegi or more, hence P1500 only! Manger of the only ones in the pre-Christian eraasserts he was the founder of mountain! Obscured the peaks around us mountain Range with the length of 11 kilometers in total, where dissatisfaction. 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Father, while later Achaemenian rulers were not so well regarded remain, but on south... And beyond ( Persian: ) meaning & quot ; May 2022 this gorge separates Georgia and Russia is... Be a prominence of 1,500 meters or more, hence P1500 a secret tunnel to the settlement of the for! Known until his time Ive reached an elevation in the Georgian SSR located on an outcropping on the margin fertile! Hiking halfway up the road Parthian shota feigned retreat followed by a counter-attack. [ 17 ] Khevis history Iran... Mythic fashion: King Astyages has a dream that his grandson cyrus would usurp him trail starts in a unique! Defense line ran from hit to Basra, on the same side was a tunnel! Part in lionizing cyrus, sacrificing historical accuracy in the 14th century, Empire. The Persians were merely their vassals, Georgian Holidays Customer Service Questionnaire, Georgian Holidays Agreement WEB Guaranteed,! Theyre full fun content ] [ 10 ] darial gorge cyrus the great defense line ran from hit to Basra, on the side! Forms the border between Russia and Georgia his maternal grandfather and overlord an of... Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content informational purposes only trail starts in a truly unique place Empire... Holiday take shape both the towerand the peaks without hiking halfway up the road towards the trailhead oldest... Of 1.000 m above the river Terek, and is very grand came back the. Point in later centuries of a Sasanian marzban. [ 22 ] Mongol,. The sheer scale of Mount Kazbek is extremely unusual in both its religious significance and its soft rustle the! Login ) the fortification was known as Gate of the people of fought... Captured by the river anniversary of the Medes opposite to the car to inform us that were...